Causes of Macrofaunal Outline on a Dissipative Beach

Causes of Macrofaunal Outline on a Dissipative BeachInvestigating the causes of macrofaunal outline on a dissipative coast in Abberffraw.Aim To investigate macrofaunal abundance and distribution pattern across five different shore levels.Hypothesis whether physical and biological factors have work out correlation on community structures of infauna species. Cisneros et al. (2011) and Croker Hatfield (1980) have tested this hypothesis and reported significance.Figure lists atomic number 18 illustrating distribution and abundance of 31 species sampled on a unsloped gradient across 5 shore heights. Out of these, three polychaetes species Scolelepis squamata, Scoloplos armiger, Nephtys sp, including twocrustaceans Bathyporeia sp, and Eurydice pulchra were found throughout sampling stations (Fig 2). As shore slope decreases species diversity increases (Fig 1). send out 2 had maximum abundance (4050 ind./ m2) whereas station 4 had the greatest species richness (SR = 18) (Fig 1).Sandy shores are dynamic environments with biotic (Croker Hatfield, 1980) and abiotic (Cisneros et al., 2011) conditions changing continuously, influencing species spatial scales along shores. tierce major environmental factors, influencing community structures (McLachlan Brown, 2006) 1. beach type (physical gradient/ sediment texture) 2. tidal regime (wave action/ moisture/ organic enrichment) and 3. swash climate (water filtration) (Defeo, McLachlan, 2005). Zonation patterns are evident, due to tidal movement (Brazeiro Defeo 1996), seasonal migration (De Alava Defeo 1991), and predation contributing to the variations. Ansell et al., (1999), reported that predators migrate following prey species. Cisneros et al. (2011), stated physical drivers influenced macrofaunal community.Abberffraw shore consists of fine harsh sand particles with small interstitial space facilitating burrowing (McLachlan et al., 1996) and slower water filtration (McLachlan Brown, 2006) providing suitable liv ing conditions. Dominating middle and lower shores are Polychaetes (Connor et al., 1997) in water-saturated sediments whiles crustaceans are slackly distributed at different shore levels (Dahl, 1952). Work, et al., (2008) found that water drainage is critical in determining polychaets presence Scolelepis squamat, Scoloplos armiger andNephtys sp.can tolerate drained sediments (Connor et al., 1997) explaining the occurrence at higher stations (Fig 2). More studies are needed in determine zonation and causes (Defeo, McLachlan, 2005).References.Brazeiro, A., Defeo, O. (1996). Macroinfauna zonation in microtidal sandy beaches Is it possible to identify patterns in such variable environments? Estuarine, coastal and Shelf Science, 42(4), 523-536.Cisneros, K. O., Smit, A. J., Laudien, J., Schoeman, D. S. (2011). Complex, dynamic combination of physical, chemical and nutritional variables controls spatio-temporal variation of sandy beach community structure. PloS One, 6(8), e23724.Connor , D., Brazier, D., Hill, T., Northen, K. (1997). Marine nature conservation review Marine biotope potpourri for britain and ireland. volume 1. littoral biotopes. JNCC Report, 229.Croker, R., Hatfield, E. (1980). Space partitioning and interactions in an intertidal sand-burrowing amphipod guild. Marine Biology, 61(1), 79-88.Dahl, E. (1952). Some aspects of the ecology and zonation of the fauna on sandy beaches. Oikos, 4(1), 1-27.De Alava, A., Defeo, O. (1991). Distributional pattern and state dynamics of excirolana armata (isopoda Cirolanidae) in a uruguayan sandy beach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 33(5), 433-444.Defeo, O., McLachlan, A. (2005). Patterns, processes and regulatory mechanisms in sandy beach macrofauna A multi-scale analysis. Marine Ecology build up Series, 295, 1-20.McLachlan, A., Brown, A. (2006). Sandy beaches as ecosystems.Work, F., Hubble, M., Teague, L., Tennant, K., Skidmore, L., Webb, H., Gillespie, B. Lister, J. (2008). Project SC 410354 Date of Issue June 2008.McLachlan, A., de Ruyck. A., Hacking, N. (1996). Community structure on sandy beaches patterns of richness and zonation in relation to tide prune and latitude. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 69, 451-67

Use of Irony in Young Goodman Brown

Use of jeering in youth Goodman BrownIn the pithy stories Rip caravan Winkle, Young Goodman Brown and The Cask of Amontillado, the authors made use of irony which indicated mockery of something or someone in different ways. Washington Irving utilize so much irony in his short story Rip Van Winkle. The human activity character is a youthful married Dutch American who has a kind and generous nature. The main character is located in Cats efface Mountains of New York way before the American Revolution. Reluctant to profitable labor, the character prefers rambles within the mountains, sitting under the shade gossiping with his buddies moreover, playing with the community children (Irving 105).Washington develops the thesis of the story by use of irony. After meandering with his gun unitedly with Wolf, his close companion, Rip trails himself into the higher parts of the mountains. Soon afterwards, Rip stumbles upon a stranger who was moving what looked like a barrel of liquor. Con sequently, with the aid of the Hollands, moreover a whole day of mountain climbing, Rip falls into a solemn, deep slumber. Nevertheless when he wakes up, Rip does not know how long he has been quiescency or where both of his friends have gone off too. He woke up twenty years later, as an aged man and strolls back to his village he is amazed by the transformations that have occurred. After some commotion, he is joined with his grown-up daughter and her children.The irony is further noticed in Rips coldness to Dame Van Winkle. He was bossed and chided, but he was satisfied. The owner of the bar, Nicholas Vedder dominated the conversations and views of the junto symbolize the colonial governors selected by the Crown. Even as he rarely spoke, his authority was perpetually present. This reflects the inactive position the governors accommodated political affairs, as easily as the colonists substantial respect for them. (Irving 109)Another irony to reflect on is the ways wherein Irving anticipates lots of of Thoreaus thoughts. capacious prior to the retreat to Walden Pond, Washington introduces Rip Van Winkle as a happy mortal, of idiotic, well-oiled characters, who take the humanity easy, eat brown bread or white, any that can be got without difficulty, and would rather go hungry on a penny than labor for a pound which is very ironic.Nathaniel Hawthornes story Young Goodman Brown is saturated, with irony. At the beginning of the narrative a youthful Puritan husband leaves at sunset from his youthful Puritan wife. Faith, like the wife was fitly named, pushes her own appealing head into the street, allowing the wind to play with the pink ribbons which were on her cap, whereas she called to Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne says that Faith is appropriately named, an ironic declaration since she later on in the evening, is existence acknowledged into the congregation of devil-worshippers as a fresh convert to the evil cluster. The description of faith as pretty a s well as her position on pink ribbons, as a sign of cheerful outlook on life and youthful innocence is similarly ironic (Hawthorne 405).There is more irony in the Goodman Browns dialogue with the old man. He at first clings to his apparent purity of lineage furthermore claims that his father and grandfather had not deviated from the squeamish lineage. The old man discovers that not only were his relatives acquainted with the abnormal path but well familiar the devil on an individual level. The irony deep down this passage is seen when the devil assists Goodman Browns ancestors during the persecution of Indians and Quakers.There is definitely irony in the fact that it is the majority of the pious church people who emerge at the evil assemblage inside the forest. The aged woman who bypasses Young Goodman Brown as well as the devil on the trail is recognized by Brown as the woman who taught her catechism.There is a remarkable irony to this vow because when Goodman Brown came back at dawn he cannot look at his wife with the selfsame(a) faith he had before. After Goodman Brown lastly met with the Devil, he asserts that the cause of his lateness was because Faith kept him back awhile. This proclamation has a double implication because his wife actually prevented him from being punctual for his meeting as well as his faith to God expressively delayed his gathering with the devil as well (Hawthorne 409).All through The Cask Of Amontillado, Poe uses dramatic and verbal irony to construct suspense, foreshadow the ending, and moreover add a touch of ghoulish humor. For instance the title cask meaning wine barrel is resulting from the same root statement used to structure casket, which means coffin. Accordingly, the cask symbolically represents Fortunatos casket. Secondly, Fortunatos name which is Italian implies dear fortune, luck. Nevertheless, Fortunato is so unfortunate because he was heading to his death. Another element of irony is Fortunatos Costume. He dre sses as a court clown. His celebratory outfit contrasts with the terrible show that awaits him. Moreover, occasionally, the bell on top of his cone-shaped hat tinkles a nice comic feeling from Poe. Another aspect of irony is when Fortunato asks Montresor if he is a mason, signifying a member of the fraternal array of Freemasonry. It is ironic that Montresor says he is certainly a mason. Nevertheless, he is using the expression to mean a craftsman who constructs buildings using (Cecil 41).Poe also uses irony repeatedly in the dialogue. For instance, when Montresor meets Fortunato, he tells him that he is lucky they met. Later on, when Montresor pretends to be worried about Fortunatos scything cough as they go down into the tombs, he tells him that they have to go back because his health is precious. Fortunato tells him not to worry because the cough will not kill him. Montresor quickly agrees that the cough will not kill him the audience can nearly see a devilish gleam within Montre sors eyes, because he surely knew that Fortunato will die. He later opens a bottle of wine furthermore toasts Fortunato to his long life.In all the three short stories the authors used dramatic, verbal and situational irony to convey message to the audience which came out amazingly. Irony is an essential way in which authors can develop deeper stages of meaning in a text. Furthermore it also is a very efficient way of involving and sweet a reader in a text.

Importance Of Supply Chain Management To Organization Management Essay

Importance Of Supply Chain Management To Organization Management EssayEfficient publish image management is the essential to being able to satisfy market demand and to do so in a way is profitable (Hugos, 2006). Supply orbit management of the governance that enables them to huckster the best value to their consumers give generate a strong demand for the organization harvest-festival or services. When cultivation is shared in between supply drawing string networks, it evict result a more efficient bleed of goods and services (Anand Mendelson, 1997), reduced inventory level, and lower prices (Yu, Yan Cheng, 2001), which benefits the overall network.Hence, the organization can do mass manufacturing and mass customization that will aver competitive advantages given that the product life cycle if the product is improve because the organization will offer variety of product to different market segment and consumers preference. For example, Dell became the largest producer for personal computer in the world after they implemented the supply drawstring management to limiting their strategy by adopting a direct sales strategy, building every personal computer to order and shipping it directly to the node (Klinker, Terrell Mahfouz, 2006).2.2. Supply management2.2.1. Communication, Trust perpetrationAccording to Towill, (1996) decision makers need to depend the overall of the process so they can manage the supply chain as one single company, to minimum uncertainty updated feed forward and feedback study flow coupled with optimal decision making. Hence, organization that trusted the provider willing to communicate and allow information free flow among them to ease their businesses. Communicate with other organization within the supply chain management that controls their slender resources allow them to compete effectively in their environment (as cited in Samaddar, Nargundkar Daley, 2006).Moreover, supply chain management built on a foundation of trust and commitment among the supply chain members (Lee Billington, 1992). Commitment of partnership in the supply chain management will dedicated their resources to achieve the goal of the supply chain and their exercise (Chen Paulraj, 2004). Organization is more and more rely on their trusted provider to improve the product quality, produce the product faster and reduce the product toll so they can compete with their competitors (Liker Choi, 2006). For example, Dell developed a strong relationship with both suppliers and the customers allow it to ensure those computer components are available from supplier to meet customer demand (Taylor, 2005).2.2.2. Long-term relationshipsSupplier will become part of the supply chain and have a long relationship on the competiveness of the process of the supply chain with a good supply chain management (Choi Hartley, 1996) .Moreover, information sharing is an important aspect on incorporation and marijuana cigarette inter-organizational relationship (Huang, Lau Mak, 2003).Long-term relationship will create opportunity to capture the synergy of intra and intercompany integration and management (Lambert et al., 1997)Limitation of information in the supply chain will lead to Bullwhip effect such as unnecessary inventory investment, poor customer services, wrong capacity allocation, reduce revenue and missed production (Lee, Padmanabhan, Whang, 1997). blueprint along the supply chain and coordinating information can control Bullwhip effect and improve their supply chain relationship and performance (Lee et al. 1997).According to P.Fiala, (2004) information exchange is a very important issue for coordinating actions. If member of the supply chain have free flow information it can reduced their lead time of information such as orders, demand and capacity forecast, point-of-sale data for the whole supply chain. (Lee, So Tang, 2000) find that the benefits of sales information sharing and identified the drivers that h ave significant impacts.Organization that have long term relationship from the supplier will obtains larger inventory or speak to reduction when the demand is highly associated if the lead time is long. Eventually customer will receive a higher quality, cost-effective product in a shorter amount of time. For example, Chrysler Corporation cut their supplier base in half and brought the remaining supplier in on the design of a new extension cars and develop long term relationship based on trust. The long term relationship has helped the organization increase in profit (Braun, Guthrie, McCampbell, Sit).2.3 Reduce costSupply chain management system can influence the organization cost for administrative personnel and information purpose to plan and control the flow of inventory (Jonsson, 2008). So the efficiency of supply chain management can reduce the organization inventory and stock cost (Steckel, Gupta Banerji, 2004). The efficiency of the supply chain management allows the organ ization having the right good at the right time in a right place (Ketchen Hult, 2007).Therefore, organization can deliver their product according to agreement so it can reduce the shortage cost, delay cost arise when late delivery occur to compensate the customers. Besides, organization does not need to hold inventory can reduce their cost of storing their inventory at their warehouse. Without using warehouse organization can save the transportation cost from the warehouse to the organization. Moreover, the cost reduction of the production organization can create customer value by reducing the price of the end users product (Ketchen et al., 2007). For example, apple Computer is making lose in 1997 Steve Jobs do some changes in the supply chain management has saved the organization by reducing the cost of inventory (Taylor, 2005)4. Challenges of Supply Chain Management4.1 PlanningAppropriated plan of the supply chain management can get advantages, improperly handled will lead to tr agic (Taylor, 2005). Accurate planning is important but planning fallacy will lead to dramatically change in plans (Stadtler, 2004). For example, Kmart Corporation have planning error that the organization crippling its ability it match the price offered by Wal-Mart, the worse is when the organization able to lure back the customer but the supply chain not able to deliver to them in time. Due to the wrong forecast and planning Kmart is now bankrupt (Konicki, 2002).4.3 Supplier attentionSupply chain challenges let in lack of supplier attention. While lack of supplier attention will cause late placed orders due to conflicting objectives and goal. Potential issues of vendors, late delivered and wrong delivered allow the project teams potential risks. Early obtaining material will minimize risk such as additional cost. Internal procurement issues also font to supply chain management (Henrie, 2006).Due to this problem, company cannot managing well as when the material arrive, when the material should be purchase, and how many quantities should be purchase and when the material should be delivered. For example, NASA Company had experience this problem because the project will face shrinkage costs, breakage and additional cost for warehouse (Galluzzi, Zapata, Steele Weck).4.4 Customer valueCustomers always change the value perception toward a product, so the organizations will response to the change or predict the change (Flint, 2004). Therefore, organization need to response toward the challenge by doing research on how the value perception of the customer change and improve their prediction and planning process. Competitive advantage can be gain if organization can predict their customer perception of the end user product (Slater, 1997).

Genetically Modified Plants in Agriculture :: GMOs Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Modified Plants in AgricultureThe use of agriculture to grow edible plants is an essential step in the worldwide goal of nations to maintain self-sufficiency. Through agriculture, crops are raised by the cultivation of soils, in conjunction with the biological processes that allow for plant growth. In late(a) years, genetic engineering has enabled plant scientists to shut in genes from one type of plant species, which will express a desired trait, into a different plant species that had not been able to obtain the genes through cross fertilization or other natural pathways.The possibilities arising from the use of genetically modified (GM) plants seem as an excellent attend to to the overwhelming problems of environmental degradation and food instability worldwide, but society is now faced with the possible implications that could occur with an influx of new plants. These implications lead to a massive debate ranging from health issues to who owns seeds that are produce d by GM plants. Included in this debate as well is the question of how much power should be given to large multinational companies who entertain developed the new technology. Farming and agricultural methods have become far more complex, as they have evolved passim time. Ancient methods allowed for the taming of plants and animals to provide for a transition from nomadic lifestyles of constantly moving in search of food and water, to the agricultural lifestyle of self-sufficiency at a permanent residence. Evolution in the complexity of agricultural methods and techniques has occurred in part due to a search for maximum efficiency by an advancing society. skill has always been a dominant motivational factor for new techniques to be allocated in this field, and in this last century, especially in the last decade, changes unfathomable to farmers foregone and present have taken place along the lines of efficiency. Along with increased use of fertilizers, high-yielding hybrid seed va rieties that have been produced by plant breeding techniques have dramatically increased the average production per land area.In recent years, the scientific community has developed a process enabling genetic engineers to insert genes expressing a desired trait into crops that had not been able to obtain these genes from other species through cross fertilization methods. These genes can then be passed down to the seeds of the impertinently recombined plant and will be expressed in the generations following. The Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources better describes how genetic modification technology affects agriculture in the present era

Thomas Hobbes Laws of Nature Essay -- Thomas Hobbes Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes What Is The Difference Between Obligations In foro interno and Inforo externo, and When Do We Have Such Obligations?According to Thomas Hobbes, there are certain laws of nature which existin the absence of an organized government. These laws are extremely repel throat,and place people in extremely dangerous situations where their lives are indanger. Government is the answer to this dangerous situation, but it is herethat the question of certificate of indebtedness comes into question. Does angiotensin-converting enzyme have an obligationto take a chance and follow the laws set forth for them, or should they onlythink of themselves, and follow the laws of nature? This is a full of life questionwhich I will explore.According to Hobbes, the overriding law of nature is kill or be killed.Hobbes believed that, "every man has a right to everything, change surface to anothermans body. And therefore, as long as this natural right of every man toeverything endureth, the re can be no security to any man(how unfaltering or wisesoever he be) of living out the time which nature ordinarily allowith men tolive."However he also believed, "that a man be willing, when others are so tooas far-forth as for peace and defense of himself that he shall think itnecessary to lay down this right to all things, and be contented with so muchliberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself." Thequestion now is, when do we have an obligation to strive towards peace when itmeans giving up our n...

Inside the Cuckoos Nest Essay -- Film

One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is a film directed by Czech Milos Forman in 1975. Using potent elements of fiction--characters, conflict, and symbolism--Forman illustrates the counterculture of the 1960s. This film depicts American society as an insane asylum that demands conformity from its citizens. The film begins with a conniving convict being depute to the asylum. R. P. McMurphy is sent to the asylum to be evaluated by the doctors and to determine whether or not he is ment entirelyy ill. He is unaware that he will be administrate by an emasculating woman named Nurse Mildred Ratched who watches the patients every motion from her nurses station.R.P. McMurphy is a lively, rebellious, and rational patient that has recently been escorted into the insane asylum. Once in the bin, Randle becomes the self-proclaimed whizz of the rights of the other ward patients, his adversary being Nurse Ratched (New York Times). He scrutinizes the asylum and the patients deciding that he needs to lig hten the atmosphere. According to Filmsite, celluloid Review McMurphy encourages the patients to put down in activities that will heighten their spirits and change their monotonous routines. McMurphy decides to challenge Nurse Ratched when he notices that the patients of the ward are overly organized and controlled through a rigid set of authoritarian rules and regulations that McMurphy questions God Almighty, shes got you guys comin or goin. What do you think she is, some kind of champ or somethin?--- I bet in one week, I can put a bug so far up her ass, she dont know whether to st or wind her wrist watch (OFOTCN). Entertainment Weekly implies that McMurphy is unwilling to surrender to Nurse Ratcheds belittling power and rebels against corr... ...ok place in America all have one thing in common with the film they are filled with people who have had enough and had a leader willing to stop leadership towards making that change. McMurphy represents that leader as his sacrifice m ade way for the others to find freedom.Works CitedCanby, Vincent. nytimes.com. The New York Times. 20 November 1975. The New York Times Company. 5 April 2012.Filmsite Movie Review One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest.. Filmsite.org. American Movie Classics Company. 2012. Web 12 March 2012.Movie Reviews One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Rogerebert.com. Chicago Sun-TimesMedia Company. Web 3 April 2012.Nashawaty, Chris. Cuckoos Nest Turns 35. Entertainment Weekly 1120/1121 (2010) 128. MAS Ultra School Edition. Web. 5 Apr. 2012One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Dir. Milos Forman. Warner Brothers, 1975 Film.

astronomy :: essays research papers

Space exploration has been going on since the 1960s. Both women and men have traveled in space. Every day we are discovering different things about space from satellites and astronauts, and every day more people are landing on the moon. The foremost hu creation, the first animal, and the first spacecraft in orbit, were all Soviet achievements.      There are many reasons why space is researchd and why people take the time to explore the solar system. One reason is that we want to find out how our solar system was created and how it works, and another reason is that we want to find out how all the planets operate and how they change rotations. We also want to learn about everything on the planets and how to make advanced enough spacecrafts so that we can visit all the planets.      The first man to travel in space was Yuri Gagarin. He made history on April 12, 1961, by orbiting the earth in the Votsok 1. His flight was one hour and 48 legal proceeding long, going at a speed of about 17,000 mph on the Votsok 1 as he circled the earth. Gagarin was later killed in a crash of a test airplane.      Neil Armstrong was the first person to ever land on the moon. He was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, and after he graduated from college in 1955 he fall in NASA. In 1962 he became the first civilian to enter an astronaut training course. In 1969 Armstrong lead the Apollo 11 mission and became the first person to set buns on the moon. His companions were Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. In 1971 Armstrong became a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati.     Valentina Vladimora Nikolayeva Tereshkova was the first woman to be in space. She joined a Soviet training program in 1961 and in 1963 she successfully orbited the earth 48 times in the Votsok 6.      "Born Galileo Galilei, his main contributions were, in astronomy, the use of the telescope in observation and the uncovering of sunspots, lunar mountains and valleys, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus." In December 1609, Galileo built a telescope of 20 times magnification, and with it he could see craters and mountains on the moon. He also saw that the Milky Way was made up of stars and looked at the four largest satellites of Jupiter.