Creation of LEGO

With fourteen and a half billion dollars one may consider to purchase the Lego company right now. The Lego company has played a measure role in the toy industry for about one hundred years. Its innovations include famous playsets, minifigures, video games, and world renown stores located all over the world. Those thing would never have been fathomable without the famous Lego creator Ole Kirk Christiansen who born in the remote town of Filskovand, Denmark. Ole Kirk Christiansen came into this world during the year of 1891 and was the tenth child of the family. He had completed high school education even though he grew up moderately poor. When he was 14 he became an understudy to his brother in Denmark. This background had made Ole Kirk Christiansen a modest and determined individual who found that his idea was destined for greatness. The word â€Å"LEGO† means to play well. He started to call his company â€Å"LEGO† in nineteen thirty-four after he began making wooden toys in nineteen thirty-four. He officially started to make its plastic interlocking blocks in nineteen forty-nine. It is still possible that a 1958 Lego piece are still compatible with today's pieces. Over the past fifty years the Lego company has created over 400 billion blocks and the company was inducted in the National Toy Hall of Fame. These awards has made the Lego company a prestigious brand.Since plastic is a non-renewable resource and a major economic friendly agenda was being pushed in the mid two-thousands, the Lego group was forced to reduce the percentage of plastic used in their product and their carbon footprint. It is well know that the famous company almost went bankrupt due to their wasteful habits. The concept of lean manufacturing and a special software connected all of their factories around the world and helped the company achieve their slogan.†Only the best is good enough† is a slogan created by the founder Ole Kirk Christiansen. This motto came to fruition in nineteen thirty-six when he only had approximately ten employees. This motto is still used today and a significant impact on the way the company runs to this day. During the nineteen forties the Lego company was relatively small but showed minor improvements such as the introduction to colored blocks. Ole Kirk Christiansen had introduced the company to his son at the age of twelve. During this time, Lego had improved the amount of employees to fifty, introduced the game of tiddlywinks, and he bought the revolution plastic injection molding machine.During the fifties the company tried to push its products out to young children which was their target sales group. Ole Kirk Christiansen promoted his son the Vice President when he turned thirty. The company promoted their first major playset that consisted of eight creatable vehicles. The company also showed some signs of innovation by using wood and plastic as a basis of all of their products.The nineteen sixties was the coming out moment coming out moment for the company. Legoland was introduced and the production of wooden toys was dismantled due to massive fire that destroyed the company's toys. Legoland promoted three thousand visiter on the first day. In nineteen sixty-nine Lego cars were being made with a small amount of polyvinyl chloride along with plastic. The famous company started to expand globally to countries such as Italy, Finland, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Morocco. During this time, between eighteen and nineteen millions toy sets were currently being sold per year.During the seventies the company had almost one thousand employees. Lego promoted its toys exclusively to girls with their renown playhouses. Still to this day Lego tries to incorporate female characteristics to influence girls to purchase Lego products. The company's banner transformed their logo from an older to a more modern banner. Many of the customers can also see that the seventies are the first decade that directly relates to the companies expansion globally.Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen was appointed to be the Chief Executive Officer and the company's president during nineteen seventy-nine. He is the grandson of Ole Kirk Christiansen and is worth five point five billion dollars. He led the company into its â€Å"golden age†. You may ask why I called this time period a golden age. The answer can be explained as quite simple. This time period had created approximately five thousand employees and promoted a great amount of collaboration of many universities such as M.I.T. This time period was also important because Ole Kirk Christiansen was inducted in the forever-famous National Toy Hall of Fame. In Europe the massive boom of Legos was proven true when a survey of the traditional household proved that seventy percent of households with a child less than fourteen years old owned a Lego playset.Nineteen nineties was a decade of reconstruction throughout the whole company. Officially eight thousand eight hundred and eighty people are employed under the companies record. The world renown company was officially labeled a top ten company during this decade. I believe that the real reason why this company underwent reconstruction is because of the fact that this is the first digital decade. The nineties promoted technological advancement towards the youth since smartphone were being used more and more often. Kids had other opportunities than to stay at home and play with their toys. This decade also proved that the toys were a choking hazard after a major recall of their toys since it was possible for it to get lodged in ones throat if they were incompetent. A positive benefit of the digital age is the idea of online shopping. This idea is capitalized in nineteen ninety-nine. The two-thousands were crucial to the history of the Lego company. In two thousand and nine the company celebrated its fiftieth anniversary and Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen was introduced into the renown National Toy Hall of Fame. Two thousand and seventeen was a challenging year for the famous company. They did not experience a lot of growth as a company and lost revenue in North America and Europe. This could be a major warning sign that the Lego company may need to adapt to the ever changing technological change. Many kids are now playing on their smartphones instead of building or playing with toys. The Chief Executive Officer of the Lego Group has inferred that there is a possibility that the company may tap into the virtual world of artificial gaming and artificial intelligence The Lego company also expanded their outreach on kids with televisions shows, series, and movies. The Lego Movie, the first-ever, full-length theatrical Lego adventure, directed by Phil Lord ; Christopher Miller is an 3D computer animated story that follows Emmet, an ordinary, rules-following, perfectly average LEGO minifigure who is mistakenly identified as the most extraordinary person and the key to saving the world. He is drafted into a fellowship of strangers on an epic quest to stop an evil tyrant, a journey for which Emmet is hopelessly and hilariously underprepared. (Warner) Many famous historical interpretations have been recreated by the use of Lego blocks. Events such as the cherry blossoming in Japan have arranged so that many pieces are used to create that. The Lego company has massively evolved from dealing with a few section of colors, to being able to maximize the whole color spectrum in order to capture their true excellence in toy manufacturing.

Literacy: Mrs. Fleming Essay

There are few fundamental skills in life that are of greater importance than the ability to read and understand the written word. It can take a person of any background as far as they can dream. This is truly evident in the essay, â€Å"Superman and Me†, by Sherman Alexie which tells of the author’s struggle growing up poor on a Native American reservation in Washington State. From a young age, his literacy became Alexie’s saving grace, thanks to his father who inspired him to begin reading. This inspiration changed the path of his life. I, too, was inspired and encouraged at a young age to be a great reader by my Mother and a special teacher. I am thankful to my Mother for starting me on my path to literacy. I grew up in a house full of books, music and loud women. My Mom was never without a book in her hand, my middle sister loved to sing and write poetry and my oldest sister always had her eight tracks blaring. From the time that I was tiny, I wanted to be just like my Mother. She had beautiful hair, perfect makeup, and lovely flowing dresses. Since I was too young for these things, I latched on to something else that my mother loved; books. Alexie felt much the same way about his Father. Alexie writes, â€Å"My father loved books and since I loved my father with an aching devotion, I decided to love books as well† (89). My Mother and I spent many hours roaming the library aisles for our next great read. She encouraged me to try new authors and different genres. I discovered Judy Blume and even attempted Charles Dickens and Louisa Mae Alcott. My Mom challenged me each summer to read as many books as I could and she was always ready for me to tell her all about them. Mama and I still recommend books to one another and tell each other all about the characters that we meet in between the pages of our latest book. I was fortunate enough to have many fantastic teachers during my school years. One teacher In particular is my sixth grade teacher, Mrs. Elizabeth Fleming. I was a twelve year old girl that felt awkward and self-conscience and Mrs. Fleming always found a way to boost my self-confidence. She made  it a point to compliment me every day on anything from how I read aloud in class or what I was wearing or my hair style. Mrs. Fleming’s interest in me built up my self-esteem by leaps and bounds. We also bonded over our mutual love of books. Mrs. Fleming would take the time to ask about a book I was reading and recommend others that she thought I might like. She found ways to let me know that she loved that I was so excited about reading even if it was just a sweet smile that seemed like it was just for me. Mrs. Fleming made me feel special. As an adult, I have, on occasion, run in to Mrs. Fleming and even after all these years she still remembers me as her little bookworm. I am thankful to have had the support and encouragement throughout my life to keep me reading and learning. It continues today as I show my children how fun and entertaining it can be to read a good book I love to read with my girls and the sound of their voice reading on their own is like music to my ears. As I continue my education I hope that they can see through me that a love of reading can take you anywhere you want to go. So dream big†¦and go read a book!

Low-Cost Computers for the Developing World Essay

Introduction The tax in all ages of the main themes that ran researchers because of their Close contact conditions peoples, and that in terms of political, economic and social, Taxes are link material that binds the individual government, one of the most important tools used by governments in drawing its financial, economic and social terms used tax revenue first in the financing of programs of public expenditure that has become increasing in moment . Taxes working to raise the economic efficiencies when the exploitation of economic resources and guidance these resources to better use and to achieve social justice in the distribution of income and achieve economic stability where justice is no longer only socially, but became a vital requirement in achieving national security in the community as well. Thus the state with individuals involved in achieving these goals and to achieve security inside and outside, but some taxpayers, and who want to provide services directly in the performance of their pay tax, as expected consumer benefit directly from having to purchase a good or service ignored , so the nature of the relationship between the state (IRS) and citizens (in charge) and they get rid of the legal obligation to pay their taxes partially or completely and using a number of methods and techniques fraudulent by refraining from paid the public treasury, and that means tax fraud . So we look at this study the issue of evasion in value added tax and known shortened VAT, and is a general tax levied on businesses that produce and distribute goods and services, and is the VAT tax on consumption because Stoic final it is the consumer, despite the fact that collected is the producer or distributor. Where the subject will be studied theoretically and problem will be identified and the objectives and methodology and the study sample. Objectives study This study aims to achieve the following objectives : – Get free professions and trades that are subject to VAT. – study the legal texts of the relevant laws in liberal professions and link them to the collection tax . – Get nature and forms of evasion in VAT the self-employed . – Get the underlying causes of evasion in VAT the self-employed .. – Develop appropriate mechanism to deal with tax evasion to the self-employed . Problem Statement Is the increase of the rate of value added tax (VAT), the nature of the political system and double taxation would lead to VAT fraud ?! The relevance of the study The importance of this study lies in the need to educate self-employed seriousness evasion in vat and the consequent negative effects on the financial activity of the State, and comes through definition of this category duties tax and rid them of the issue of inheritance Social which prevailed between groups of Palestinian society, including self-employed before the advent of the Palestinian Authority, where he was in charge of the Palestinian is evasion of taxes national action, because the tax revenue goes to illicit destinations . Literature review According to Smith and Stephen (2007) ,they resorted to some of european experiences of European countries. This study aimed to reviews what is known about the exposure of the VAT to revenue losses through noncompliance, with a particular focus on fraud and evasion,and considers what can be done in respons. And they are follow the methodology to eliminate fraud in the VAT, by used More radical measures within the context of a system that preserves zero-rating include , The use of ‘reverse charging’, by which liability in a business-to-business (B2B) transaction is placed on the buyer rather than the seller. This would deal effectively with the carousel fraud, and by ending the gradual cumulation of VAT payments through various stages of production and distribution and instead collecting all VAT revenue at the final sale, the system is exposed to substantially greater risks of revenue loss through unreported sales to final consumers , With a retail sales tax all tax revenue is lost if a sale to final consumers somehow goes unreported, while with a VAT the losses are limited to the difference between the VAT due on the final sale and the VAT already collected at earlier stages. Smith said that have argued that a longer-run and durable solution to the problem of missing trader fraud requires a fundamental redesign of the VAT treatment of international transactions and this Systematic reform that eliminates the root cause of missing trader fraud would be a much more appealing long-term strategy than the combination of resource-intensive enforcement operations and ad hoc ‘fixes’ such as extended reverse charging, which may provide temporary relief. The study of Richard(2011) , focused on a technological methods in the fight against tax fraud.This study aimed to fighting tax fraud (vat) bye using a technological method of this . So there is a three leading technology-based solutions will be considered here: the Real Time VAT (RTvat ) the VAT Locator Number ( VLN) system and the Digital VAT (D-VAT), There are important differences among them, but generally, the RTvat focuses on securing the tax, the VLN focuses on securely tracing the supply, and the D-VAT certifies that the correct tax is charged collected, and remitted. Richard have reached some conclusions based on technological solutions developed that The RTvat is applied to all transactions in a VAT system. It changes the underpinnings of the VAT, moving it from an invoice system to a settlement system. The withholdingand-remit element of a VATsystem has been effectively removed and VLN also applies to all transactions in a VAT system but leaves the basic structure of the V AT untouched. It simply adds an encrypted tracer code to every invoice. As Borselli’s stydy that aimed to firstly, it outlines the fraudulent VAT schemes that pose the most serious threat to the functioning of the VAT system, and evaluates the effectiveness of the strategies adopted to combat and prevent that type of fraud. Secondly, it comments on the costs and benefits of more far-reaching measures to be implemented in the near future at EU and national level.He follow the mechanisms that fighting taxation fraud as , A hybrid reverse charge mechanism would also give rise to other issues. Firstly, it would lead to a substantial increase of VAT refund claims by taxable persons, who pay VAT to their suppliers (on their inputs not exceeding the threshold value), where their output transactions are subject to the reverse charge mechanism. Secondly, treating identical transactions differently for VAT purposes reduces the effectiveness, of anti-fraud measures , increases the complexity of the management of the VAT system and requires a tough control system in order to protect Member States from adverse effects. Where it was concluded that the need to maximize the effectiveness of the strategy to combat VAT fraud cannot be separated from a broad view on the functioning of the VAT system as a whole. Available mechanisms interact, require a high degree of adaptation to the economic and legal context and must be a constant of the Member States’ regulatory framework. This means that there is not asingle road† to a more efficient VAT system and that it is inappropriate for Member States to simply copy and transpose the measures taken by other Member States into their national legislation. In 2011 , Kaspar Lind , faocused in his aticls on the issues of ï ¬  scal fraud, closing of transactions, and good faith , and to analyse Estonian legislation and the practice of the Supreme Court and its development in the past 10 years, and to compare it to the practice of the European Court of Justice. Given that fiscal frauds are a serious problem, According to that , the payment for goods or services would take place through the bank, and the bank would divide the payment into two parts (the price of the goods or services and the amount of tax), of which the amount of VAT would be paid directly to the tax authority. With the second scheme, a central database is created for invoices taxed with VAT that the tax authority can monitor in real time. Thirdly, separate VAT databases are used that are very easy for the tax authority to access in order to check invoices. Certiï ¬ cation is seen as a fourth solution. Aside from the reverse charge, the ï ¬ rst solution is considered the most effective;however, it would require a substantial transformation of the existing system. The other three models might improve supervision but do not directly ensure a better receipt of taxes. He said † Although they can draw general conclusions on how to act with regard to the VAT system, due diligence may depend greatly on each country’s legal order and practice. As a result, it is very difï ¬ cult for entrepreneurs to operate in different European Union Member States. Often entrepreneurs can learn of the exact content of their due diligence only in the course of judicial proceedings, but that might entail tax liability† In recent years ,The European Union’s VAT system has become vulnerable to organised fraud schemes , so there is an schemes studied by Fabrizio Borselli. This article shows that need to maximise the effectiveness of anti-VAT-fraud strategy cannot be separated from a broad view of the problem and of the functioning of the VAT system as a whole. A drastic change in the VAT system might provide a robust defence against fraud but produce uncertain effects. The study showed the most important policies established by the member states to fight fraud by developing early-warning systems for sectors and transactions at risk. Since missing traders need to enter the market before committing the fraud (i.e. to obtain a VAT identification number, unless they hijack another trader’s VAT number), a sound system of preventive risk analysis is essential for effective antifraud action. Many EU Member States use advanced software for risk analysis and electronic databases containing macro and micro data on traders, including the economic sector in which they operate, their financial situation and ownership, their payments, declarations and refunds of VAT . As pointed Bouresli that Policy initiatives could be initially limited to certain sectors and companies, with wider structural measures implemented afterwards, taking advantage of further developments in IT and harmonisation of the EU legal framework. New types of fraud are technology-intensive: technology itself appears to offer some of the best answers. According to Dr. Konstantin Pashev (2006) , Adopted the Bulgarian experience in identifying the types and modus operandi of VAT frauds with a focus on the abuse of tax credit. It analyses the elements of tax design permissive of such abuses and discusses the possible solutions in the light of the international and domestic experience and the capacity of the tax administration , Where indicated dr. Pashev the mechanics of organized fraud by fictitious export and the missing (insolvent) trader fraud. In the case of fake exports, the exporter carries the transaction on paper, applying the zero VAT rate on exports and claiming tax credit on the inputs, while actually selling the products on the domestic market without sales invoices, i.e. without paying VAT. A safer version would use real exports, but would overstate the quantities exported . The study concludes that the possible solutions should be sought along the lines of optimizing risk management and the principle of joint liability rather than through tighter controls at entry and on the conduct of business. the theoretical framework and methodology of the study : VAT(Value-Added Tax) is a tax that’s charged on most goods and services that VAT-registered businesses provide in the UK. It’s also charged on goods and some services that are imported from countries outside. Whereas VAT fraud is a scheme through which businesses avoid paying VAT and even claim refunds for VAT they never pay. Such businesses actualize their criminal intents using different established methods. Thus, different types of VAT fraud can be identified, which governments of VAT-administering countries have spent huge amounts of money to investigate and checkmate. review by looking at the literature review of the value-added tax in particular and some of the variables that affect them in general, including income tax, inflation, and the nature of the political system in the country. Since each variable has a direct relationship in its impact on the value-added tax. Independent Variables :- Inflation Rate of income The natural of political system Dependent Variable VAT Fraud In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time , When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy as the inï ¬â€šation rate rises, the money demand becomes increasingly interest elasticity, as in Cagan’s model, and credit is increasingly used to avoid inï ¬â€šation, instead of using leisure; this implies that velocity rises at a faster rate, and the growth rate falls at a decreasing rate. Politics system tells you how a society must be set up and how one should act within a society. Except for hermits, this comes up a lot. As for the relationship between the nature of the political system and tax fraud interpreted as the lack of confidence in public spending policy , no doubt that the way to spend the proceed of tax impact on the psyche of financiers overhead costs, as if mony spend in the faces of the benefit of binding it feels comfortable and reassuring , he may give tax willingly , Which makes the system vulnerable to deception and fraud . As for the rate of income is defined as follows , a tax that governments impose on financial income generated by all entities within their jurisdiction. By law, businesses and individuals must file an income tax return every year to determine whether they owe any taxes or are eligible for a tax refund. Income tax is a key source of funds that the government uses to fund its activities and serve the public. Hypotheses There’s a relationship between VAT fraud and inflation .   Since there is a relationship between the level of income and tax fraud. There is a relationship between the political system and investors went to tax evasion, as it depends on the policies directed by the state. The population and the sample of the study Since I will talk about the VAT fraud in private sector, the population is the Palestinian private sector companies, and the study sample will be a number of these companies. Data collection The data were collected from two resources of data: Secondary data* Which is the data that developed for the purpose other than helping to solve the problem on hand? Some of these data are books, journals, articles, website, and internet it’s considered as a useful sources of information for historical background, and theoretical framework. Primary data* Among the choices for collecting the primary data such as: observations, survey questionnaires, and interviews .Taking into account the research problem the survey questionnaire is the best alternative for this research . Bibliography and Reference List Smith, Stephen.2007. VAT fraud and evasion, VAT Fraud and Evasion: What Do We Know, and What Can be Done? 10 Ainsworth, Richard.2011. VAT Fraud and Technological Solutions. Tax Analysis,19. Borselli, Fabrizio.2008. Pragmatic Policies to Tackle VAT Fraud in the European Union, International VAT monitor, 10 Lind, k, 2011.VAT fraud and the fighting against IT In Estonia, JURIDICAL INTERNATIONAL .P.152-160. Borselli, F,and 2011.organised vat fraud : features, magnitude , policy perspectives, RePEc-Research paper in economics . # p 43 Pashev, Konstantin, 2006.fighting VAT fraud: the Bulgarian Experience. #p. 20

Groupon

Emilio M. Perez MKTG 360 Prof. Sauber Groupon 1. An understanding of consumer behavior helped Groupon grow from 400 subscribers in Chicago in 2008 to 60 million subscribers in 40 countries today by developing the concept of making offers that are only carried out if enough people commit to participate in them. Groupon’s simple business model offers subscribers at least one deal in their city each day, but the coupon is only valid if a certain number of subscribers sign up for this deal. 2. The Groupon Promise is that any customer can return a Groupon, no questions asked, if they feel like Groupon has let them down.The Groupon promise affects a consumer’s perceived risk and cognitive dissonance by allowing the customer to feel as if there is no risk when purchasing a Groupon. The customer is even able to return the Groupon if they have already used it and were not satisfied. This allows a subscriber to purchase the Groupons without the worry of wasting money. 3. The five -stage purchase decision process for a typical Groupon user experiences: problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and evaluation.Problem recognition is created by triggers that present consumers with an opportunity to do something that they wouldn’t normally do. Information search may occur due to a previous experience with the merchant making an offer or a conversation with family and friends regarding a product or service. The alternative evaluation stage is when the consumer focuses on the price as being the most important evaluative criteria. Then, there is the purchase decision stage that is unique to Groupon, in which a purchase is made online and then confirmed when the deals tip.Finally, the consumer will evaluate the purchase by comparing their experience with their expectations to determine if they are satisfied or dissatisfied. 4. The possible psychological and sociological influences on the Groupon consumer purchase decis ion process are the effects of the recession, the Groupon demographic, and the personalization of deals for subscribers. The recession has increased the importance of spending money wisely, in which people whom are attracted to deals are also attracted to Groupon.The typical Groupon user is an 18 to 34 year old woman, whom relies heavily on social media such as e-mail and smartphone apps. This works out well for Groupon because the whole concept relies on the use of those social media channels. Also, Groupon is able to use variables such as, gender, location, and buying history to match deals with the customers. The combination of all of these influences allows Groupon to provide offers that are best suited for the respected customer, which is beneficial to the customer and the vendor. . The challenges that Groupon face in the future are the use of the coupon, managing the growth, and the extraordinary level of competition. The actions I would recommend related to each challenge are to possibly create more coupons that consist of buying things at full price and receiving an item or service free. This will promote more full price products n services, also this could ensure returning customers to receive that free product or service at a future date.I feel this approach could create a higher percentage for returning customers and alleviate the fear of customers only purchasing at discounted rates. To help manage the growth that Groupon is experiencing, the company may want to look into hiring marketing consultants for the newly entered country to help the company understand the spending habits faster than they would on their own. Also, employing local people to form a research and development team could help Groupon understand the differences as well as having concrete evidence to support their international buying behavior theories.Finally I feel, in order to address the issue of the level of competition, Groupon could approach several merchants that are in the same area and attempt to create a coupon that includes both services or products into a â€Å"package coupon†. This could include dinner and a movie type combination, but involving various vendors with a variety of combination coupons. I feel this type of advertising would be difficult for one company to replicate.

Human resources in hospitality & Marketing Hospitality Research Paper

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Building the Boeing 787 Case Study - Essay Example It manufactures commercial aeroplanes, military jets, space shuttles and rockets. It has over the years produced a series of planes among them the latest project; the Boeing 787. This project was referred to as the 7E7 before being renamed the 787 in 2005. The plane has a similar size to the 767 with the overriding advantage over the former being its fuel consumption which is at 20% less. In addition to fuel efficiency, the 787 is credited with features like smooth nose shape, noise reducing chevrons and a four-panel windshield which are streamlined to reduce air resistance when airborne (Turner, 2010). This 787 project has not gone smoothly without operational hiccups; when the engineers came up with the first design, the plane said to have been overweight to the tune of 2,300kgs above the specified weight. This was however not all; there were 7 delays in the project process among them being an in flight fire on the Rolls Royce engine during testing. That not enough, just in the mon th of January 2012, the company reported numerous problems on some 787 fuselages. The effort and capital that was employed to come up with this latest machine is outrageous. Once the airline companies and other clients found the products offered by this company faulty, they claimed compensation which resulted in a dip in Boeing’s margins. Boeing’s corporate profile In terms of turnover, the company is among the largest in designing, assembly, selling and after-sales maintenance of aircrafts and other defence equipment. There are other companies within the European Union for instance the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) and French owned Dassault, who collectively share this global aircraft manufacturing business with Boeing. It is placed third, according to the latest estimations, in supply of defence systems and aerospace equipment with the biggest client being the American government. America continues to have interest in the management of the comp any because of the place it occupies in being part of its future ambitions in space exploration and general protection of the citizenry. The company, listed in the Dow Jones bourse, is America’s sixth largest exporter by product value. Good share prices at the listing helps it get more operational capital to finance its expansion strategies which is vital in an increasingly competitive market with new entrants like Embraer from Brazil. To add insult to injury, the year 2001 bombing of Twin Towers in New York dented the company’s revenue streams as the markets were down because of weak American economy. Such terrorist activities and general insecurity causes a fall in the number of airline passengers and increases fuel prices which are the two main problems associated with airline industry. Boeing global business model focuses on mass production of these plane components and defence equipment. It has a strong and well funded research and development department that look s into new technologies to tackle global communication problems. Its vitality as a producer of these important gadgets to the American government makes it look like a partner to the administration which funds some of its processes. In 2007, it partnered with NASA which is fully funded by the government to produce special parts of the Space Shuttle. By the year 2008, it topped the list of companies with the highest value

Software Engneering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software Engneering - Essay Example It also takes into account the external elements that interact with the system. 3. Use Case Diagram: It is an object oriented paradigm where the entire scenario is described as actors who interact with the system and scenarios that form processes of the system. It is largely used in object oriented systems as a model to map the requirements of a system. 4. Sequence diagram: It is a depiction of the various objects of a system and the sequence of interactions among them with respect to time and sequence so that one gets a clear notification of what takes place before a specified process. The aspects that are modelled by this diagram are the very sequence of operations in the system. It takes into account time factors for judgement and enables one to understand the sequence that one desires to follow for achievement of the objectives. (c) Using one or more of the ways of describing operation logic from your answer to question 1(a), discuss how you might specify how a potential buyer will review/amend the list of properties of

Insurance Cover for Bio-Sport with Regard to Diversity Essay

Insurance Cover for Bio-Sport with Regard to Diversity - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the most important feature of the policy or range of policies decided upon must conform to Ohio diversity requirements so that it is not challenged on grounds of illegality. The unique product is intended to generate business to Bio-sport and the insurance company to eventually translate to reduced insurance costs and expand the range of insurable interests to cover violations of diversity requirements by Bio-Sport. The policy will ensure that Bio-Sport accords its customer goods and services at attractive rates due to lower insurance costs. Gradually, Bio-Sport can turn over its staff and athletes that consume its products to the insurance company as part of fulfilling its obligations under the agreement and also to reduce costs. Once conformity to diversity requirements is confirmed, the policy should be fine-tuned as explained below to cater for stakeholder interests. The new policy is proposed to be all inclusive of athletes of all a ges with regard to the requirement to avoid discrimination on account of age. Most insurers offer higher premium rates for older people especially athletes in the belief that they are more susceptible to injury or diseases. This unnecessarily drives up the cost of insurance for older athletes. It also triggers older athletes to retire at an early age because of fear of injury and diseases that may be unaffordable after retirement. Bio-Sport loses on clients if they choose to retire at an early age as they will also quit using Bio-Sport products because they will no longer need them. A uniform insurance product is set to benefit Bio-Sport by ensuring that clients do not retire early, benefit the insurance company through continued revenue streams as athletes will not retire early. For the athletes, the security offered by the insurance cover will facilitate the achievement of their dreams. All stakeholders are set to benefit under such a policy.

Case project analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case project analysis - Assignment Example Thus, taking consideration of these aspects, the report will mostly remain focused towards assessing the statistical data and the types of renewable energy generation plans undertaken by the 27 EU Member States. It will also elaborate the predictions made by the member states till the period of 2020. Eventually, the new technological implementation will require subsequent planning and investment. Thus, this report will also comprise of a planned ‘work breakdown structure (WBS)’ which will assist the project managers and the contractors in accomplishing the project within the provided deadlines. Project deliverability has always been considered as one of the most crucial aspects of project management. It involves the systematic accomplishment of each and every planned stage of the project in an effective manner. The process also gets accompanied by appropriate structuring and engagement of strategic measures by taking help of the various management tools. The necessity of tallying the attained outcomes with perceived project objectives also forms a crucial of the overall management process. Taking consideration of the guidelines mentioned within the European Commission Call for Tenders ENER/C1/504-2009, the stages of this project has been carefully planned (Prestemon, 2011). A brief summary of the deliverables associated with the renewable energy project have been detailed below. Financial planning can be considered as a crucial factor in accomplishing large scale projects due to the fact that they are time bound and completely rely on the availability of resources. Moreover, the successful accomplishment of the project also depends on the performance and the experience levels of the contracting team. Appropriate use of project financial budgeting tools can also be considered as a crucial deliverable for the undertaken contracts

Project management and quality assurance Assignment

Project management and quality assurance - Assignment Example But after the calculation for net present value we have for project Mu 924,420, for project Eta 841,872 and for project Iota 370,072. To sum up due to above calculation project Mu is the recommended project because it has got less setup cost which is 1200000 and better payback period than the others which is 3 years and the net present value is much better than the other two project which is 924420 and project Iota has the high setup cost and late payback period and with low net present value. Due to underestimating the task A and task F the project would be finish later than the above estimated time which was 23/04/07. After the rescheduling the new finish day for the project Kappa would be on Monday 12/05/07 which would be 18 weeks When the plan of a project will rescheduling it would directly affect the cost and benefits of the project because the project would be finish later than the estimated time and it needs more work to do on it than the original plan so the main cost which is programmer cost will directly affect the benefit. According to I chart the project completes on 23-4-07 and by the new schedule the project will end on 9-5-07 This results in more than 2 weeks of delay and the marketing strategies also needed to be changed. The deadline mentioned to the customers about the supply of software need to be changed or the time duration between the completion of the project and the delivery of the product to the customer need to be decreased. If the cost based changes are concerned, the company has to pay for the programming and development costs for a period of 2 weeks more. This increases the expenditure on the product by 12.5 percent. The cost effectiveness of the product also decreases by that extent. If the company want to market it at the same price decided before rescheduling, there is a need of supplying for more customers initially as the supply to more number of customers will increaser profitability on same cost price. The increase of time in the production can be tolerated as no release of competitor's products is sited. This gives the company time to make the product bug free and to increase the functional performance. Due to increase in the production time, the marketing manager may object due to the delay in release of the product into the market. They can be

Critical Response Paper- The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Heroes and Essay

Critical Response Paper- The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Heroes and Athletes - Essay Example article in question, the following analysis will attempt to be concentric upon a discussion of the author’s thesis, the overall level of data that is represented, a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach, and an analysis of other tangentially related aspects of the research and literature that are represented (Baringer 213). Through such a level of discussion and critique, it is the hope of this particular author that the reader will gain a more informed understanding with respect to the information that is presented and the manner through which inference is drawn. Finally, rather than representing a pro-con/strengths and weaknesses analysis of the particular piece, this discussion will be concentric upon those elements that helped to promote the thesis, those that take away from it, and opportunities for improvement that the author could leverage as a means of better presenting the topic to the reading audience. Firstly, it must be noted that a particular strength of the analysis has to do with the fact that the author does not immediately jumped directly into the debate. Whereas many pieces exhibit a fundamental weakness of immediately discussing the disagreements regarding the way in which a particular facet of information is understood, the particular analysis instead begins by attempting to paint a vivid and meaningful historical portrait of how the Temple of Zeus was used, the underlying meanings, and the attitudes and cultural relevance that were necessarily pertained within its structure, form, and purpose. Furthermore, as the historical discussion progresses, the eventual research question comes clearly interview. As such, this research question is contingent upon what meaning these symbols had from the context in which they were represented. By placing the reader within the figurative footsteps of the ancient Greeks that used the Temple and understood its underlying meaning, the au thor is able to build the suspense for something

Why and how are environmental issues becoming more of an issue for Essay

Why and how are environmental issues becoming more of an issue for international business and international institutions - Essay Example Many researchers and academics have hypothesized that the advent accelerated and competitive economic globalization, trade barriers liberalization such as †free trade agreements† and industrialization have created what they call â€Å"pollution havens† in many countries and communities. The pollution haven hypothesis states that pollution heavy industries will relocate to jurisdictions with less stringent environmental regulations as a strategy to further reduce production costs (Mrwhatis, 2011). The validity of the â€Å"pollution haven† hypothesis has been a long debated one between academics and policy researchers. Early research theory works of Pethig (1976) and McGuire (1982) first presented the theory that in case of increased environmental regulations in the home country would lead to increased plant relocation to countries with less stringent environmental regulations as long as free trade agreements or trade liberalization allowed it (Webmeets, 2012 ). Regardless of the enormous amount of research and empirical studies on the subject, it has not settled the debate one way or the other. Under one version of the â€Å"Pollution Haven† hypothesis it is believed that less developed countries value economic growth more than protecting the environment and natural resources, therefore their operating standards for environmental protection tend to be extremely lax to almost non-existent. As a direct consequence, these jurisdictions with low environmental protection regulations will tend to concentrate pollution heavy industries and create localized pollution havens. Although the negative environmental impact and general welfare for these communities can be significant, the positive economic impacts brought by the new jobs far outweigh the negative consequences. According to Grossman and Krueger (1993) and Jaffe (1995) there is not considerable evidence supporting the existence of pollution havens as a direct result of factor end owment and economies of scale considerations. They argue that free trade by itself might not harm the environment, but more likely a result of various factors. Antweiler et al.(2001) and Grossman and Krueger (1993) state that information asymmetry related created when the government regulators do not measure the actual production level nor means of production technology to derive actual pollution derived from the company itself as one of the key factors. Other causes such as aggregate demand for the polluting product, a technique effect (polluting intensity due to operational factors intrinsic to the industry), and the actual share of revenues derived from the polluting industries

Homevestors of America franchise profile Research Paper

Homevestors of America franchise profile - Research Paper Example Kenneth D’Angelo created HomeVestors Company, with the main aim being to utilize franchised services as the route towards sustainable real estate business. Indeed, the franchising operations of the company began in 1996, where the company’s initial venture involved the buying of worn out houses, repairing and selling them at a profit. On this note, the company embarks on buying houses of people who are moving due to job transfers, retirements or shifts and renovating the houses to be resold to potential buyers who may want to buy the houses. To date, the company has purchased more than 45000 homes in the United States since it began operations, and its high-ranking services will continue to boost its operations and create better avenues for franchising. One of the most profound benefits of franchising operations is the fact that the capital requirements are much lower when opening new departmental stores or branches. Indeed, a company seeking to expand its operations through franchising incurs fewer costs, as opposed to committing funds and get new stalls (Campbell, and Lafili 93). On this note, the business creates independent owners who assume all the costs associated with operations, only leaving fewer responsibilities to the parent company. Further, the parent company experiences increased rates of expansion, mainly due to the facts that the costs of such a venture are reduced. As opposed to commitment of huge amounts of cash in budgets as capital requirements to open up new businesses or branches, companies under franchise can reopen many times the number of stores or businesses with the same amount of capital, which may facilitate rapid expansion even into the untapped markets in the industry. Looking at the disadvantages of such an idea to the parent company, it is evident that setting up branches in diverse geographical locations may require increased variation of products.

Professionalism in Nursing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Professionalism in Nursing - Coursework Example From this report it is clear that  clothing and conduct for students and practicing nurses were dictated strongly by dress codes and strict disciplinary protocols developed by hospital administrators in charge of nurses. Here, personality traits may have had negligible chance to emerge from the starch white uniforms and pulled back hair donned in a white cap. On the other hand, times have changed and most nursing students today are thrilled with the independence and career opportunities that have evolved for them at numerous levels, as well as those in advanced practice nursing. As the professional nursing arena expands and new roles develop, the professional nurse is expected to demonstrate respect for the faculty by continuing to don the traditional dress.  This study declares that  there should be awareness to nurses that appearance makes a lasting impression on patients, contemporaries, and the general public. Although dress and appearance alone cannot guarantee success in a nursing job, they can at the same time assure letdown.  This is because patients do have their own expectations of a professional, including their personal preferences and generational influences. Since health care is a form of business, successful professionals must therefore attract a steady, growing patient population in order to survive. The professional nurse should therefore demonstrate respect for patients by developing relationships with them and projecting a positive public image that will help build a deep founded practice.... But these have become loosely adhered to. As a result, one finds nurses simply abandoning their traditional trade mark white uniform and substituting it with scrub suits and colorful jackets. Since nursing is becoming a professional practice, I will demonstrate respect to my peers by becoming more aware of how my appearance, behavior, and communication can influence the first impressions of others about me. I will therefore try to follow the dress code and the behavior expected of me as a professional nurse to the letter. Faculty In the past, clothing and conduct for students and practicing nurses were dictated strongly by dress codes and strict disciplinary protocols developed by hospital administrators in charge of nurses (Jacob, 1999). Here, personality traits may have had negligible chance to emerge from the starch white uniforms and pulled back hair donned in a white cap. On the other hand, times have changed and most nursing students today are thrilled with the independence and career opportunities that have evolved for them at numerous levels, as well as those in advanced practice nursing. As the professional nursing arena expands and new roles develop, the professional nurse is expected to demonstrate respect for the faculty by continuing to don the traditional dress. This is essentially because the professional dress and appearance continue to be very important facets of the nursing image especially within the faculty (Jacob, 1999). Patients As it has already been established, there should be awareness to nurses that appearance makes a lasting impression on patients, contemporaries, and the general public. Although dress and appearance alone cannot guarantee success in a nursing job, they can at the same time assure letdown

Translation Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Translation Studies - Essay Example With the advent of television, dubbing of TV programs also became popular, so that by the late 1970s, most major European and Latin American markets were watching television and cinema productions made in Hollywood in their local languages. Today, in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey-and increasingly in the major East European nations-audiences see Hollywood productions in their local languages, rather than subtitles, as a result of concern for audience size and linguistic purity.1 As Ramez Maluf the director of the Beirut Institute for Media Arts at the Lebanese American University comments that subtitling required readers to read and gave them a feeling that they were watching a foreign production and could not attract a huge market. Dubbing was used sufficiently and persuasively in this regard. The revival period of the Disney animations resulted in production of all time hit genres like the Beauty and the Beast, The Alladin, The Simpsons and the Lion King. These animations were popular throughout the world and were translated in a number of languages to suit the needs of varying publics. The research proposal aims at studying the translations of English versions of Disney Genres into Arabic through dubbing. 'The Simpsons', the popular American animated series for more than seventeen years now, will be studied and analyzed as part of the study. 'The Simpsons' The 1990s saw the beginnings of a new wave of animated series targeted primarily to adults, after a lack of such a focus for over a decade. In 1989, The Simpsons, based on a short animated cartoon segment of The Tracey Ullman Show, became the first prime-time animated series since The Flintstones to capture a sizable viewing audience. It was the first major hit series for the fledgling Fox network, and it caused a minor sensation, entering popular culture and gaining wide acceptance. Currently, The Simpsons appears to show no signs of stopping and at this rate may surpass Gunsmoke, as the longest-running fictional program in American television history. The Simpsons success has been attributed by many to the two faced quality of its theme. It is a silly cartoon with witty socio-political commentary. Micheal Hastings of All Movie Guide describes it in following words "A tale of five-member, four-fingered, dysfunctional nuclear family" Simpsons popularity could be deemed by the fact that it is responsible for the introduction of a number of phrases and words into the American Culture like D'oh! Jebus, Kwyjibo, Meh, Okily-Dokily and Yoink! These phrases have found their way into popular use, to varying degrees and are a norm for any American adult. Simpsons attained worldwide popularity primarily in America, as it highlighted various social and historical

What role does early education play in the 'gendering ' of children Essay

What role does early education play in the 'gendering ' of children - Essay Example Early childhood is the most important developmental duration of life. A child who is stimulated visually, engaged continuously in activities that are interactive, hugged, cooed to comforted is more likely to entirely establish cognitive, emotional, language and social skills, all of which are very important for success in the community, school, and subsequently in life (Martin 1998,pg.495). Making comments that are gendered or interpretations that are gendered of behaviors that are not gendered. For example, continually commenting on the children’s appearance designated female at birth. This is not entire freedom because the parent/teacher has obviously designated the kid a gender prior to the child’s ability to independently express it. Gender stereotypes’ fighting is okay, but it is different as allowing a kid to explore gender by themselves without a gender being designated to them at birth (Grotewell, et al. 2008,pg.72). From the moment that a child is born, hr/she is indoctrinated with cues originating from family, teachers, friends, strangers, playmates, and the media on the way to carry out our genders, and the gender they are supposed to be performing. New parents in most cases are barraged with polite expressions on how ‘strong’ their small boy will become, or how ‘beautiful’ their daughter is. These compliments have loaded messages regarding how boys are supposed to be and how the girls should look like. However much innocent the compliments are and daily gendered messages have a lasting and profound effect on the way children internalize and learn the gender concept. Children’s encounter with early gender biases shapes their beliefs and attitudes related to their interpersonal development and interpersonal relationships; equality education access; and well-being of their psychological and stifle their physical. As children

Globalization and Neoliberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization and Neoliberalism - Essay Example Neoliberalism refers to a number of factors that have occurred in today’s modern society such as deregulation, free trade, open markets and economic liberalism that have led to a more active role of the private sector in economic and business matters.2 Globalization refers to the process whereby societies of the world integrate with one another through a number of various processes such as communication and interaction leading to the exchange of ideas, cultures and views as a result. 3From the definition of both terms, it is clear to see that globalization and neoliberalism have similar aspects that relate to one another and thus it can be said that one would not exist without the other. However, to prove this fact one can use aspects of one to determine if they have a relation. In this case a few aspects of neoliberalism, namely open markets, free trade and economic liberalism will be used to determine whether these issues have a relation with globalization. Open Markets An o pen market is an economic term referring to a type of market that is accessible by all economic players as they are not tied down by various factors such as monopolization or a set of requirements that have been put in place for those who would like to enter in the form of legalities such as policies by the government. This means that in an open market, anyone who is able and has the means to, is able to enter into the market without the worry of any sort of constraints interfering in their business. The open market is an aspect of neoliberalism which supports less involvement of outside factors in matters involving business and trade.4 However, it can be said that the open market is only made possible through the existence of globalization otherwise it would have no reason to exist. This is because the open market has been created in order to allow investors from across the borders to enter a market unencumbered and without the worry of interference as most of the regulations that would be put in place to bring about the demise of this type of market would be related to would-be external investors and not local business men who do not face a lot of opposition except maybe in the case of monopolization of an industry.5 If globalization did not exist, they would be no need for an open market but on the other hand it should also be considered that if the open market did not exist without the open market, it would make it harder for globalization to take place as investors would remain within the realms of their countries and thus there would be less global interaction taking place in the business sense. Free Trade Free trade has to do with the imports and exports of a country in reference to the interference of the government in these activities. According to free trade, a government is not allowed to play a role in affecting the amount of goods that are imported or exported out of a country through their various methods such as placing tariffs or subsidies on t he above mentioned and thus as a result allows the partners involved in the trade to both benefit from the transaction without one having it easier than the other. 6There are a number of reasons that the government may want to interfere in such activities such as boosting their number of imports which would lead to an economic benefit for the country but in the view of

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix Essay - 2

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix framework gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example ing, franchising and other similar concepts gave rise to the largely held belief that they are the result of the market oriented strategies however on much larger scale they were the result of larger shift into the overall perception in the market regarding how to achieve and sustain the competitive advantage. Many believed that strategic decisions like outsourcing was an attempt to focus one’s attention to core competencies of the firm however, what was not realized is the fact that the resulting chain effects were largely directed at creating linkages between the demand as well as supply dynamics of the respective industries. The evidence from Japan and other East Asian countries suggested that the inter-organizational cooperation between the different players in the market indicated towards a much larger picture of how the inter-relatedness between the industries as well as companies can lead to the creation of chains. The emergence of subsequent ideas on the value chain as well as commodity chains attempted to define such relationships and linkages however, they lacked the theoretical as well as empirical validity and as such a more unique and innovative method of sector matrix was introduced to overcome the deficiencies of the above two concepts. Michael Porter was one of the earliest proponents of the value chain concept as he considered it as something through which firms can achieve and sustain their competitive advantage. By focusing on the primary as well as secondary activities, firms can effectively achieve the competitive advantage as both the activities are considered as mutually reinforcing each other to achieve the desired strategic objectives. What is also however, critical to note that the value chain, for the first time presented a concept which linked different activities of the firm together and as such the overall success and failure of organizations largely depended upon how successfully the organization managers all these

Student resources worksheet Essay Example for Free

Student resources worksheet Essay Student resources include a variety of helpful sites and tools that can be of assistance when completing assignments, connecting to other students, and searching for careers. Complete this table regarding student resources provided by the university. In the first column, identify where the resource can be found. In the second column, summarize each resource in at least one sentence. When you are finished with the matrix, answer the follow-up question in part B. Part A: Resources Scavenger Hunt. Student resource Where found Summary of the resource Syllabus In course materials in the main classroom Gives you a sense of what you will be doing day to day and from week to week Class Policies In the main classroom in materials Helps you understand what your instructor expects of you and how the class will run. University Library The Library tab on the top of the page. You may research everything here including careers to studying or even get help with a paper youre writing. University Academic Catalog. By clicking the program tab it will be listed as an option under my program Has the most current academic programsand policies and is updated once each month University Learning Goals Life Resource Center Under the program tab listed under services Life coaching, career coaching, counseling its free confidential support 24/7 Phoenix Career Services Under the career tab on the homepage Theses services helps you look up careers, compare income , education required, anda also the top employer Student Workshops. Listed underneath my classes when they are available You may not be doing so well in a class or you may just need some tips and advice on college classes well either way the student workshops are available for theses things and to everyone PhoenixConnect Under the phoenix connect tab The place where you can ask questions to other students and chat about almost anything . Technical Support phone number In the gray area on my classroom. Used just in case I run into trouble on the site or having problems with my computer I can call and get help and answer 24 7 Part B: Follow-Up Question Based on the resources in the table, what are the attendance, posting, and participation requirements for the university? You may only be absent one time in 9 weeks. Post at leasts 2 messages on two separate days to be in attendance . for participation students are to contribute 6 substantive messages each week in the main forum on three different days.

Learning & Cognitive theories Essay Example for Free

Learning Cognitive theories Essay Learning in my life is an ongoing process; one that carries on as I come across various situations, every single one of them increasing my learning experience. It is rightly said that learning starts the day one is born and continues till one’s death bed. So in this respect there have been various stimuli that have repeatedly crossed my life. I have made several associations with different kinds of objects or situations for that matter which I have remembered and used to make various inferences. Who does not remember the jingles of the ice cream man, stimulating and beckoning the kids to crave for ice cream and inquire for money from the parents? Out of the many situations, one that has truly left an indelible impression on my mind is a childhood recollection of the horrific car accident that I went through with my family. Although I came out unscathed from the accident as did my family who just suffered minor injuries, the very thought of screeches of a car just triggers a whole array of thoughts and nightmares of my accident ordeal. It was a fine day with no unusual surroundings or conditions of the highway. Our car was also going at a steady pace maintaining the speed limits. The car was functioning well with every smallest detail of the car scrutinized by my father, a perfectionist at work. But as it happened that the heavy truck two cars in front of ours carrying logs of wood, its lock that fastened the logs broke free from its bolt which sent the logs tumbling down. This is what I last remembered out of my flashbulb memory, besides the incessant screeches and the wails of the people struck by this horrific incident. It is from that moment onwards that I shudder at the slightest screech of a car so much so that I cannot even stand my friends drifting their modified cars, much to their surprise and disgust. Such a fear that I have developed is largely due to that horrific incident that I went through. This has set a feeling or a sensation at the back of my mind about staying away from fast cars on the roads. I can attribute my fear to the concept of classical conditioning wherein an unconditioned stimulus (screech of a car) has turned into a conditioned stimulus. That conditioned stimulus sets off a conditioned response (fear of an accident). The concept of classical conditioning says exactly that learning is associated with a person responding to a neutral stimulus which normally does not bring about that response. So more often that not whenever I come across and hear a screech I relate it with a fear that somebody will have an accident. If I had not experienced that accident, such a screech of a car would not have meant anything abnormal or out of the ordinary. Such a behavior of mine can also be explained by the concept operant conditioning where a person learns a voluntary response and the extent of it is strengthened or weakened depending on its positive or negative consequences. In my accident scenario, the accident is a negative consequence which I associate with a screech of a car. So the screech or a high speed develops the fear and reinforces it as well. Such reinforcement may happen if somebody in my family also has an accident on a highway or I myself get into an accident. The reinforcement has also stemmed from media which has also done a sufficient bit to sustain my fear of car accidents. One can usually see in the car chases in the movies where the bad guys being chased by the cops or police in their cars get into accidents and get busted. There are several other instances where certain programs reinforce my fear of speeding and screeching cars like the reality car shows. They show cars getting into horrific and deadly accidents as the drivers over speed their vehicles. There is another approach to learning which is called cognitive social learning. One such learning is latent learning. In this type of learning a new behavior does not get registered properly though it is acquired till one receives reinforcement encouraging one to adopt or develop a behavior. But in my accident scenario, I can largely put it down to classical conditioning. This is where I have started making associations with certain stimuli which in turn leads to the development of fear. Reference ATHERTON J S (2005) Learning and Teaching: Cognitive theories of learning http://www. learningandteaching. info/learning/cognitive. htm Accessed: 2 February 2009 Frietas, S Neumann, T. (2009). The use of exploratory learning for supporting immersive learning in virtual environments. Computers Education Moriyama, J Kato, Y. (2009) Self-efficacy and learning experience of information education: in case of junior high school. AI Society

Coca Colas Strategic Choices

Coca Colas Strategic Choices Strategic choices are concerned with decisions about an organisations future and the way in which it has to respond to the myriad of pressures and influences as a result of its immediate and macro environment. To this end there are three basic choices to be made as shown below. Methods for pursuing strategies The choices about how strategies are to be pursued Strategy directions The choices of products and markets available to an organisation Bases of competitive Strategy The choices as to how an organisation positions itself in relation to competitors Bases of competitive Strategy directions Methods for pursuing Strategy strategies Source: Adapted from Johnson, Scholes and Whittington; exploring corporate strategy 2008: pp217. Bases of competitive strategy This area has to do with how Coca-Cola has positioned itself in relation to its competitors. The Coca-Cola Company competes in the non-alcoholic beverages segment of the commercial beverages industry. The non-alcoholic beverages segment of the commercial beverages industry is highly competitive, consisting of numerous firms. These include firms that, like Coca-Cola, compete in multiple geographic areas, as well as firms that are primarily regional or local in operation. Competitive products include numerous non-alcoholic sparkling beverages; various water products, including packaged, flavoured and enhanced waters; juices and nectars; fruit drinks and dilutables (including syrups and powdered drinks); coffees and teas; energy and sports and other performance-enhancing drinks; dairy-based drinks; functional beverages; and various other non-alcoholic beverages. These competitive beverages are sold to consumers in both ready-to-drink and other than ready-to-drink form. In many of the co untries in which Coca-Cola does business, including the United States, PepsiCo. Inc. is one of its primary competitors. Other significant competitors include, Nestl ´e, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Groupe Danone, Kraft Foods Inc, and Unilever etc. In certain markets, its competition includes beer companies. Coca-Cola also competes against numerous regional and local firms and, in some markets, against retailers that have developed their own store or private label beverage brands. The strategy clock: competitive strategy options High Differentiation 2 4 Hybrid 5 Focussed differentiation 3 Perceived Product/ Service 2 Low price 6 7 1 No frills Strategies destined for failure 8 Low High Low Price Source: Adapted from Johnson, Scholes and Wittington; exploring corporate strategy. 2008; pp 225 The strategy clock above represents different positions in a market where customers or potential customers have different requirement in terms of value for money. Coca-Cola has therefore taken the strategy option of hybrid, in which case it maintains its price but tries to differentiate itself from competitors. The Company has had a mix of pricing, advertising, sales promotion programs, product innovation, increased efficiency in production techniques, the introduction of new packaging, new vending and dispensing equipment, and brand and trademark development and protection. In this regard Coca-Cola has increased its annual marketing budget substantially, launched many new products, and developed a model to help its retail customers maximize their sales while it continue to plan for the future. The risk of this choice is that one could lose market share due to its low prices but then it can be tackled through economies of scale where the company produces in large quantities to cover cost and tries to penetrate different geographies as is the case of Coca-Cola. This choice has actually proved beneficial to Coca-Cola even though its market share has not grown tremendously as one would think over the last ten years but it definitely has a much higher market share than its competitors, especially Pepsi Co. This has been possible for Coca-Cola due to its recognised brand name and strong presence in so many geographies including Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and the Pacific spanning across 200 countries. Strategy direction This has to do with the scope of a company in terms of its products. Over the last few years Coca-Cola has introduced a lot of products to its portfolio, including the recent Coca-Cola zero, which sold more than 600 million cases globally. Today Coca-Cola does not only deal in non-alcoholic soft drinks, but it also makes a lot of juices and juice drinks, still and carbonated products. As a matter of fact Coca-Cola has more than 3,300 products in more than 200 countries. In general one can rightly say that Coca-Cola has gone into diversification since it has not only shifted from soft drink to juices and even energy drinks but has also ventured and penetrated larger market over the years. Diversification is simply a strategy that takes the organisation away from both its existing market and its existing products. We have therefore used the Ansoff matrix below to identify the strategy direction which Coca-Cola is taking Box D, which is diversification. The Ansoff matrix provides a simp lified way of generating four basic alternative directions for strategic development. Strategic directions (Ansoff matrix) Products Existing New A B Market penetration Product development Consolidation C D Market development Diversification Existing Markets New Source: Adapted from Johnson, Scholes and Wittington; exploring corporate strategy. 2008; pp258 Diversification happened to be a good strategic option for Coca-Cola as it helped the Company to break new grounds in business. For instance a new product like the Coca-Cola zero did so well in terms of sales. This therefore impacted positively on the companys market share. Again shifting from soft drinks to energy and sports drinks also gave Coca-Cola an opportunity of a larger market share. However diversification can be capital intensive as not all organisations will be able to cope with the finances involved since a lot of finances will be needed to go into research and development for the new product. For instance Pepsi-cola once came up with a new product called Meca cola but it wasnsuccessful and the product was withdrawn later on. Surely there will be a lot of laboratory works and feasibility studies to go with a new product and this will equally require skilled people getting involved and consequently hiring more employees so if the organisation does not have enough finances it may not be able to cope. Again the organisation which decides to diversify will put in place an adequate amount of public awareness in terms of advertisements and trainings. This may involve using news papers, television, internet etc. All these can be very enormous so diversification requires careful planning. Methods for pursuing strategies Most of Coca-Cola products are manufactured and sold by its bottling partners. The Company typically sell concentrates and syrups to its bottling partners, who convert them into finished packaged products which they sell to distributors and other customers. Separate contracts (Bottlers Agreements) exist between the Company and each of its bottling partners regarding the manufacture and sale of Company products. Subject to specified terms and conditions and certain variations, the Bottlers Agreements generally authorize the bottlers to prepare specified Company Trademark Beverages, to package the same in authorized containers, and to distribute and sell the same in (but, subject to applicable local law, generally only in) an identified territory. The bottler is obligated to purchase its entire requirementof concentrates or syrups for the designated Company Trademark Beverages from the Company or Company-authorized suppliers. Coca-Cola agrees to refrain from selling or distributing, or from authorizing third parties to sell or distribute, the designated Company Trademark Beverages throughout the identified territory in the particular authorized containers. The Coca-Cola Company has created and achieved a strategic lock-in such that it has achieved dominance in the industry. For instance many people will think of Coke once they think of using or taking a soft drink.

Managing individual differences

Managing individual differences Introduction: Individual differ from each other is universal fact. Both inherited and external factor are responsible in our development. It is important task for every managers and leaders to understand individual differences and also to integrate to individual and the organization, to provide a better working environment that gives job satisfaction to their employees as well as help them to achieve organizational goals. The report emphasizes on hoe individuals differ from each other in terms of values, personality and attitudes by using different academic theories such as Schwartz value theory, the big five personality theory, MBTI etc. It also reflects on diversity at workforce and its importance to create productive environment. It concludes that managers should need to balance between needs and expectations to achieve success. Literature review: Individual differences is a study of human psychology which mainly concentrates on differences or similarities among individual on different psychological aspects such as their values, personality, attitude, intelligence and interest, perception, ethnic origin. Some people have believed that their personality is heavily influenced by their hereditary characteristics and it will never change, others think the reverse. (Mullins, 2011) Organizational behaviour: According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2011) â€Å"organizational behavior has argumentative or controversial relationship with management practice.† It is the study of individual and group involves understanding, prediction and control of human behavior which helps to achieve or improve organizational performance and effectiveness (Mullins, 2011). Individual differences influencing workplace behavior Values: According to Schwartz (1992), values are based on personal and social factors, it is set of beliefs and goals that serve as guiding principles in one’s life. Values are important to individual to tend to have an effect on the types of decision they make, how they perceive their environment and their actual behaviors. This is very difficult role of managers to understand values of their co workers, a customer, their superiors or other organizations. Understanding values is critical in align organizational behavior and managing people. There are ten types of universal values and some are the values are mutually exclusive. [Source: Adapted from Clegg et.al, 2011] For example: Personality: It is the study of psychological qualities that have an influence on individuals stable aspects of behavior and internal states of mind that help explain a person’s behavior tendencies. (Clegg et.al, 2011) Independence, conscientiousness, agreeableness and self control these are the examples of personality characteristics. To understand personality and individuals behavior in organization psychologist have employed different techniques and ways of categorize the personality qualities. The big five personality traits Researchers have identified 171 traits on which individual can be ranked and then list was prepared to reduce number of traits by identifying the similarities and combining them. After the study of 171 traits only five major traits was found to be value for use in organizational situations. If managers want to achieve organizational goals then they have to concentrate on these five personality dimensions. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): This tool is designed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs measures their preferences on four pairs of trait which was earlier proposed by Carl Jung in nineteenth century. This is most widely used instrument in the world. Participants are classified on four axes to determine one of 16 possible personality types such as, ENTJ Extraversion-Introversion – related to feeling energetic and comfortable. Extraversions are more energetic in group while introversion are more energetic and productive in alone. Sensing and intuiting – related to collecting information for solving problem. Thinking and feeling – based on evaluation alternatives for decision making Judging and perceiving – related to orientation of a person to the outside of the world. Attitudes According to (Arnold.et al, 2005) attitude is a tendency to think, believe or perform in a particular way toward some object. Attitudes have three components namely, feel- affective component, think – cognitive component and behave – behavioral component. In every organization each employee hold different type of attitudes than others and it helps them to get adjust to their work environment by providing interpreting things or happiness in the work. Knowledge, expressive, instrumental and ego- defensive these are the main functions of attitudes in the workplace. Many organizations conduct attitude survey, Likert techniques and questionnaires to understand values and attitudinal climate of the organization and also to analyze the views and opinions of staff members on a particular issue or on the organization itself. So, the managers make changes which will be beneficial to the organization and individual as well. Surveys can encourage to employees to get involved, management also considers employees opinions, and also provide effective communication which helps managers to achieve success. Job satisfaction: It is a positive attitude of employees has towards their job resulting from an evaluation of characteristics. It is closely related to motivation and performance. With the help of Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) managers can measured workers job satisfaction towards job and organization. Diversity in workplace: Diversity is concerned with valuing individual differences. Work place diversity means variety of differences that individual have in organization. It consists of visible and non-visible equality and differences such as, age, gender, race, personality, education background, personality and disability equality and more. The success of organization depends on individual difference and diversity which gives importance to team spirit. In the last few years been given lot of attention to managing diversity because of social attitudes changing as per the situation, all employees get equal chance to perform, develop high level skills and also for demographical changes in the organization. (Mullins, 2011) Equal opportunities to managing diversity: All workers in the organisation should get equal opportunities to perform better and manager may not treat differently one employees than other because of their religion, age, educational qualification, work experience, race, knowledge and skills and should be treat them differently on the their target achievement, better performance, appraisal. Conclusion: Individuals play important role in every organization. Above discussion provides food for thought to understand and respect individual differences and diversity to bring best in people who will help organization by increasing productivity and by providing a competitive edge. Successful managers need to achieve balance between needs and expectations to reach ladder of success. References: Huczynski A and David B (2013), Organizational behaviour, 8th edition, Pearson publication, Harrow. Clegg S, Pitsis T and Komberger M (2011), Managing and organizations: Introduction to theory into practice, 3rd Ed. SAGE publication, London. Mullins L (2011), Management and organizational behaviour, 8th edition, Pearson education, Newyork. Mazur B (2010), Cultural diversity in organizational theory and practice. Journal of Intercultural Management, Vol.2, Pg.no.5-15 Page | 1

The Prevalence Of Anemia Health And Social Care Essay

The Prevalence Of Anemia Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is an important step in the development of research project and in broadening the understanding and developing an insight into the problem area. It further help in developing the broad context in which the problem fits, methodology, instruction of tool, development of evaluative approach and analysis of data. Literature review is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest often prepared to put a research problem in context. (Denise.F.Polit, 2011) The review of literature in this chapter is presented under the following headings. Literature related to prevalence of anemia Literature related to treatment of anemia Literature related to effectiveness of beetroot pulp on anemia 1. Literature related to prevalence of anemia A cross sectional study was conducted for a period of one year to determine the prevalence and severity of anemia among adolescent girls in rural areas of Vantamuri PHC, Belgaum. 840 adolescent girls were selected for the study by using convenience sampling technique. Information was obtained by demographic variables and the blood samples were analyzed by automated cell counter. The study result showed that the prevalence of anemia was 41.1%, among them majority of adolescent girls had mild anemic. The prevalence of anemia was considerably high among adolescent girls who belonged to the low socioeconomic status. There was a significant association of anemia with the socioeconomic status at (p

The Theory Of Functionalism

The Theory Of Functionalism The theory of functionalism is the oldest, and may also be the most dominant theoretical perspective of sociology. Functionalism agrees that brain states are responsible for mental states, but disagrees that they tend to be identical to each other. It is the argument from a functionalist perspective, that, the brain activity or neurological states are what realizes mental states, which in turn lead to the behavioural output in a physical way. It has a broad variety of positions which it is capable of articulating in many different diverse forms. They can be classified into the following; Analytic functionalism: The most widely used form of functionalism, which describes the causal role as a job description of mental states, which are derived from our concepts. Analytic functionalists claim, that, the specifications for a functional role (job descriptions) for mental states are a priori. The second version is Physchofunctionalism; which rejects the idea of behaviourism in psychology, as well as reject the physical aspect of the mind. The third would be Machine-state functionalism: This analogy was put forward by Hilary Putnam, a well-known American philosopher, who was inspired by the analogies of mind (the Turing machines) which is able to compute all given algorithms. In non-technical terms, the mind is a very complex computer program. It is a state in which given an input B, and such and such tends to happen. An example is when we input a set of numbers into the computer through a keyboard/software. It proposes that brain states are activities which are low level, whilst helping to realize mental states which are high level. To help the reader understand about the idea which was described above, I will use the more common functionalist example to discuss the relationship between the software and the computer. For example, we type the numbers 5 plus 8, on the one level (low level), the computer is dependent on the software for input. The software within the computer is calculating the answer to the numbers entered, while at the other level (high level), the information is output on the screen. In this instance, the functionalists would argue that the process of calculation would be released by the hardware (monitor). Therefore, the software which is used by the hardware, acts as the function role. This computer example can be used to translate into the terms of the brain. The mental states are dependent on the brain states in the same way, as the computers software is dependent on the computerÃÆ' ¯Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s hardware for the output of the information (monitor) and vice versa. In the functionalists view, the brain states help to realise the mental states which functions as a total functional system. With this, it is meant that the mind is made up of the total possible functional mental states that it can have. These will interact with the inputs (software), and the hardware (monitor) together, before they both produce the outputs. Functionalists say that if we think of mental states in a similar way, then maybe one day the machine may do the thinking or be artificially intelligent. This way, we could compare our process of thinking to a computer software, which in turn could run on several different machines. The concept for a machine is the concept of an artificial intelligence. This intelligence can be classified as weak AI or strong AI. This type of intelligence would make it possible that one day a computer could be invented with a mind of its own. In other words, it would think, imagine, and reason. It could eventually do all the things we associate with the human brain. In a weak AI example, it is argued that the intelligence of a computer appears to think on its own, but it is actually unconscious the same way human brains are. In the weak AI, just like in the human brain, an input must occur in order to produce an output. When comparing functionalism with dualism for example, it has obvious strengths. Functionalism tries to explain behaviour, rather than just observing it. It uses the physical world to explain the mental states, combining physical inputs with the outputs, rather than segregating the physical world from the mind. In Dualism for example, mental and physical states are both separate, in general terms, the two cannot be assimilated to form one unit (Levin, 2009). One of the most famous philosophers in the 17th century, Descartes, who considered himself a Dualist, also argued against the thought of mechanical and mind properties to be the same (Cottingham, p. 221, 2012). His notion led him to believe that the mind and the body could indeed exist without one another. Then again, how could the mind operate without the physical? This would not be possible. For example, if we take pain as an example. Pain just does not happen in our brain. Pain can be identified with something material (physical) which sends a neurological message to our brain that something hurts (mental). As you can see, the physical and mental aspects correlate, rather than act separately. Another strength of functionalism, is that a functional system can be realisable in multiple ways. For example, if we refer back to the computer analogy, the same computer software should be usable on different computers. Potentially, computers could have minds similar to ours, as long as they can perform the some functions as us. On the other hand, some philosophers think functionalist accounts of mental states tend to be too liberal. For some, it is a mistake for a computer and its software to have the same mental states as a human. Some of these philosophers have argued that a computer and software would be unable to show genuine emotions. It would also be incapable of consciousness without someone inputting information e.g. typing the numbers 5 plus 8 into the software. Functionalism seems to omit the qualia of emotion or any consciousness in the process. This could be in part that is includes non-living things, as possible mental states. Some critics of functionalism do argue that mental states of living things (humans) or systems (computers) ought to include an account of qualia (emotions and consciousness). Another objection to functionalism would be that computers are non-living, it doesnt not use its own incoming information for their behaviour as do humans and other living things (non-human animals). In regards to non-living things, they are not systems or living things which rely on survival; and they do not have self-interests of their own. These are some of the considerations which objectors argue for, and call for functionalism to refine its theory. The minimum would be to try and distinguish the living things from the non-living. Would the objection to functionalism be answered if we were to imagine the mind as if it were unified? Perhaps one could look at individual mental states and imagine that some of them could portray certain aspects? i.e. memory and solving problems, but no kind of emotion or consciousness. If the computer for example would portray any of the above mentioned such as memory or solving problems by itself, one would not speak of the computer with having a mind or not. One would speak of the computer as having been able to solve a problem and using its capacity for memory to store the data etc. Would one ask a cat if it has a mind, although, one would rather enquire about its capacity for memory, its deception etc. The strengths and weaknesses have been stated for functionalism. It is an odd theory that non-living things could give rise to different mental events. In order for us to understand on how our mind works, we need to understand these processes. Only one type of brain state is needed according to functionalism, in order to correlate with events in our brain. It also seems, that, functionalism is dependent on things which are physical rather than involving mental events from the outset. It certainly leaves out emotions and thinking. The basis for functionalism seems to be input output only. Lets say, someone steps on a pin and they shout. The functionalists view seems to indicate that artificial beings and systems could produce their own consciousness and thoughts. Even if technological advancements of great magnitude can be made, a machine could not replicate the feelings and thoughts of a human. These examples would include stress, anxiety, nervousness etc.. It would be odd to think that a machine could be producing a personality that feels nervous or has a moral obligation to things. It perhaps maybe the case that functionalists are digging really deep in order to find and justify their theory on mental states and mental events.